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This paper analyzed the deoxidation principle of new-type compound deoxidizer, Si-Al-Fe alloy during stainless steel refining, summarized related studies on deoxidizer behavior, deoxidation products, alloying treatment by workers in the metallurgical in recent years, analyzed to solve a series of problems caused by deoxidation product with high melting point, and pointed out that it was a ...
Apr 23, 2014· The refining steel in the ladle is usually done by deoxidation of steel with ferro-manganese, ferrosilicon, silico-manganese, and aluminum. ... Hence when adding calcium to the liquid steel, special measures are required to be taken to ensure its proper recovery in the steel bath. ... is a process primarily used in stainless steel making and ...
Abstract: Sintered stainless steel (SSS) microfiltration membranes, which served as electrode directly, were used for the experiment of separating Alamin, a calcium salt and protein containing particles, found in dairy processing. Fouling and cleaning of the SSS membranes under the application of an external electric field were studied. The imposed
Jan 01, 2018· High calcium or corundum refractories are the main materials in ladle linings used in the refining of stainless steel, and a calcium aluminate glaze layer is usually formed on the surface of these linings during the smelting process.
Initially "electric steel" was a specialty product for such uses as machine tools and spring steel.Arc furnaces were also used to prepare calcium carbide for use in carbide lamps.The Stassano electric furnace is an arc type furnace that usually rotates to mix the bath. The Girod furnace is similar to the Héroult furnace.. While EAFs were widely used in World War II for production of alloy ...
The calcium-tin cathode alloy from the electrowinning step was placed at the bottom of a 250-mL alumina cru cible. An alumina sheathed 1.5-mm-diam thermocouple and an alumina sheathed 3-mm-diam stainless steel rod were placed between a 4-cm-diam by 5-cm-tall molybde num foil liner and the crucible wall. The stainless steel
Jul 10, 2018· As mentioned above, calcium treatment in Al-killed steel has been widely investigated.[13,14,15,16,17] However, only a few available reports have discussed the formation mechanism of oxide inclusions in Al-killed, Ti-bearing stainless steel with Ca treatment.[5,19,30,31,32,33] Kruger et al. have investigated the effect of calcium treatment on ...
Dec 13, 2017· Calcium treatment of Fe-13 pct Cr stainless steel, with inclusion modification as its main purpose, was evaluated on a laboratory scale. The stability diagram of Ca-Al was obtained using the FactSage software and could be divided into three parts based on the [Al] content: the ultra-low-Al region, the low-Al region, and the medium-high-Al region.
Globally, of all the metals, steel production contributes the greatest quantity of greenhouse gases (Table 1), about 7% of global CO2 produced from fossil fuels. This is because, although steel has a low embodied energy content it is produced in the largest quantity (about one billion tonnes per year).
The transformation of MgO·Al2O3 based inclusions in alloy steel during refining has been studied by industrial trials. Besides Factsage software is applied to study the formation and modification of spinel inclusions in alloy steel using calcium treatment during refining process.
The dephosphorization test for stainless steel with BaO-BaF2-Cr2O3 slag system at high refining temperature (1853-1893 K) was carried out by using an induction furnace in laboratory and the ...
The invention provides a brine refining process for removing calcium and magnesium by one step, which comprises the following steps of: pumping saturated brine out of a brine tank by using a pump, dividing the saturated brine into two paths for heat exchange to preheat the brine to 45 to 60 DEG C, and causing the preheated brine to enter a reactor; adding NaOH and Na2CO3 into the reactor ...
The iron and steel sector directly accounts for 2.6 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (Gt CO 2) emissions annually, 7% of the global total from the energy system and more than the emissions from all road freight.1 The steel sector is currently the largest industrial consumer of coal, which provides around 75% of its energy demand. Coal is used to ...
May 01, 2010· Stainless steel is a typical contact material used during the manufacturing, shipping, and storage process for biologic products. Stainless steel commonly used in biopharmaceutical applications is of the grade 316L and is an alloy containing mainly iron, nickel, chromium with minor amounts of manganese and vanadium.
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Jun 19, 2017· Bactericidal Effect of Calcium Oxide (Scallop-Shell Powder) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm on Quail Egg Shell, Stainless Steel, Plastic, and Rubber Soo-Jin Jung, School of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang Univ., 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Ansung, Kyunggido, 456–756 ...
Sep 01, 2020· In the current study, two plant trials for the ladle refining process without and with the calcium treatment were compared to investigate the effect of the calcium treatment on the inclusion deformation in Si-Mn-killed 18Cr-8Ni stainless steels. The total aluminum rose from 10 ppm to 25 ppm due to the slag and steel reaction, increasing the Al ...
Jul 01, 2010· The transformation of MgO • Al2O3 based inclusions in alloy steel during refining has been studied by industrial trials. Besides Factsage software is used to study the formation and modification of spinel inclusions in alloy steel using calcium treatment during refining process. The results show that the transformation sequence of inclusions is: MgO • Al2O3→CaO-Al2O3-MgO …
The invention relates to a solid calcium metal cored wire for deoxidation in steel making, which comprises an outer steel shell, a middle protective layer and an inner core, wherein the inner core is a solid calcium metal wire. The provided solid calcium metal cored wire can reduce the gasification speed of calcium metal, increase the time for absorbing the calcium metal by molten steel ...
Feb 01, 2005· Stainless steel cathode and graphite anode have been used in the temperature ... such as lanthanides and actinides make use of molten salt processing for extraction and refining. ... holding for a known length of time for oxygen ion diffusion through the sheath. The technology for calcium oxide dissociation and recovery of calcium has thus been ...
Dec 10, 2020· At high chloride contents, resistance to pitting is often a limiting factor. In such cases, we recommend using the duplex stainless steel SAF 2205, a steel with 22% Cr, 5.5% Ni and 3% Mo. Results of laboratory tests carried out in calcium chloride are shown in figure 6. The tests have been continued to failure or a maximum of 500 h.
Aug 29, 2016· Calcium treatment during P-ESR refining also provided an effective approach to prevent the formation of nitrides and primary carbides in stainless steel through modifying their preferred nucleation sites (alumina and MgO·Al2O3 inclusions) to calcium aluminates, which made no contribution to improving the steel cleanliness.
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Apr 11, 2017· [19] Evolution of non-metallic inclusions in 316L stainless steel during refining and casting process,Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2015,2015.10 [20] Behaviors and Evolutions of MgO• Al2O3 in Non‐Oriented Silicon Steel During Calcium Treatment,2016TMS,2016.03
Feb 02, 2021· The shoes are fabricated from A36 carbon steel and hot-dipped galvanized for corrosion resistance, and include insulating material consisting of high-density calcium silicate. The insulated sliding shoes are designed for a 78″ pipe size with overall dimensions of 12" L x 90" H x 85" D to accommodate +/- 3″ axial and +/- 1 lateral ...
the high-performance stainless steels came with the advent of steel melting and refining technologies that made it possible to economically produce compositions having very low carbon content and close composition control. Among these technologies are vacuum melting, electron beam remelting, electroslag remelting, and, most notably today from a
The effect of three heat processes with different calcium contents on the evolution of inclusions during the ladle furnace refining process of AISI 321 stainless steel was investigated. The size, morphology, and composition of the inclusions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After the addition of aluminum and titanium, the primary oxide in ...
Jul 01, 2018· Non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) play a key role in many important properties of steel, influencing both processing and application of steel products. In this work, the current understanding of the origin and classification of NMIs is reviewed, highlighting the dramatic development of …